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Version 4.7.0

Release Date: February 1, 2026

4.7.0 release of CodeIgniter4

Highlights

  • Update minimum PHP requirement to 8.2.
  • Added experimental FrankenPHP Worker Mode support for improved performance.

BREAKING

Behavior Changes

Validation Rules

Placeholders in the regex_match validation rule must now use double curly braces. If you previously used single braces like regex_match[/^{placeholder}$/], you must update it to use double braces: regex_match[/^{{placeholder}}$/].

This change was introduced to avoid ambiguity with regular expression syntax, where single curly braces (e.g., {1,3}) are used for quantifiers.

BaseModel

The insertBatch() and updateBatch() methods now honor model settings like updateOnlyChanged and allowEmptyInserts. This change ensures consistent handling across all insert/update operations.

Primary Key Validation

The insert() and insertBatch() (when useAutoIncrement is disabled), update(), and delete() methods now validate primary key values before executing database queries. Invalid primary key values will now throw InvalidArgumentException instead of DatabaseException.

What Changed:

  • Exception type: Invalid primary keys now throw InvalidArgumentException with specific error messages instead of generic DatabaseException from the database layer.

  • Validation timing:

    • For update() and delete(): Validation happens before the beforeUpdate/beforeDelete events and before any database queries are executed.
    • For insert() and insertBatch() (when auto-increment is disabled): Validation happens after the beforeInsert event but before database queries are executed.

  • Invalid values: The following values are now explicitly rejected as primary keys:

    • null (for insert when auto-increment is disabled)
    • 0 (integer zero)
    • '0' (string zero)
    • '' (empty string)
    • true and false (booleans)
    • [] (empty array)
    • Nested arrays (e.g., [[1, 2]])
    • Arrays containing any of the above invalid values

    Note: RawSql objects are allowed as primary key values for complex scenarios where you need to use raw SQL expressions.

This change improves error reporting by providing specific validation messages (e.g., "Invalid primary key: 0 is not allowed") instead of generic database errors, and prevents invalid queries from reaching the database.

If you need to allow some of these values for the primary key, you can override the validateID() method in your model.

Entity

The Entity::hasChanged() and Entity::syncOriginal() methods now perform deep comparison for objects and arrays instead of shallow comparison. This means:

  • Objects and arrays are now JSON-encoded and normalized for comparison, detecting changes in nested structures, object properties, and array elements.
  • Enums (both BackedEnum and UnitEnum) are properly tracked by their backing value or case name.
  • DateTime objects (DateTimeInterface) are compared using their ISO 8601 representation including timezone information.
  • Collections (Traversable) such as ArrayObject and ArrayIterator are converted to arrays for comparison.
  • Value objects with a __toString() method are compared by their string representation when properties are not accessible (fallback for objects with private properties).
  • Nested entities (using toRawArray()), JsonSerializable objects, and objects with toArray() methods are recursively normalized for accurate change detection.
  • Scalar values (strings, integers, floats, booleans, null) continue to use direct comparison with an optimization when all entity attributes are scalars.

Previously, changing an object property or an array containing objects would not be detected as a change because only reference comparison was performed. Now, any modification to the internal state of objects or arrays will be properly detected. If you relied on the old shallow comparison behavior, you will need to update your code accordingly.

The Entity::toRawArray() method now properly converts arrays of entities when the $recursive parameter is true. Previously, properties containing arrays were not recursively processed. If you were relying on the old behavior where arrays remained unconverted, you will need to update your code.

Entity and DataCaster

Previously, the DataCaster object was always initialized, even when type casting was not configured (an empty $casts = [] array).

DataCaster is now created on demand and will be null when type casting is not configured. While this change should not affect typical usage, developers should be aware that $dataCaster may now be nullable in some cases.

Encryption Handlers

The OpenSSLHandler and SodiumHandler no longer modify the handler's $key property when encryption/decryption parameters are passed via the $params argument. Keys passed through $params are now used as local variables, ensuring the handler's state remains unchanged.

What Changed:

  • Previously, passing a key via $params to encrypt() or decrypt() would permanently modify the handler's internal $key property.
  • Now, the handler's $key property is only set during handler creation via Config\Encryption. Passing keys through $params uses them as temporary local variables without modifying the handler's state.
  • SodiumHandler::encrypt() no longer calls sodium_memzero($this->key), which previously destroyed the encryption key after the first use, preventing handler reuse.

Impact:

You are only affected if you passed a key via $params to encrypt() or decrypt() and expected the key to persist for subsequent operations. Most users are not affected:

  • Not affected: You always pass the key via $params for each operation
  • Not affected: You never use $params and always configure keys via Config\Encryption
  • Affected: You passed a key via $params once and expected it to be remembered

If affected, configure the key properly via Config\Encryption or pass a custom config to the service instead of relying on $params side effects.

Example of affected code:

$config      = config('Encryption');
$config->key = 'your-encryption-key';
$handler     = service('encrypter', $config);
$handler->encrypt($data, 'temporary-key');
// Old: $handler->key is now 'temporary-key'
// New: $handler->key remains unchanged ('your-encryption-key')

$handler->encrypt($moreData);
// Old: Would use 'temporary-key'
// New: Uses default key ('your-encryption-key')

Migration:

To use a different encryption key permanently, pass a custom config when creating the service:

$config      = config('Encryption');
$config->key = 'your-custom-encryption-key';

// Get a new handler instance with the custom config (not shared)
$handler = service('encrypter', $config, false);

Interface Changes

NOTE: If you've implemented your own classes that implement these interfaces from scratch, you will need to update your implementations to include the new methods to ensure compatibility.

  • Cache: The CacheInterface now includes the deleteMatching() method.
  • Cache: The CacheInterface now includes the remember() method. All built-in cache handlers inherit this method via BaseHandler, so no changes are required for them.
  • Database: The QueryInterface now includes the getOriginalQuery() method.
  • Images: The ImageHandlerInterface now includes a new method: clearMetadata().

Method Signature Changes

  • BaseModel: The type of the $row parameter for the cleanValidationRules() method has been changed from ?array $row = null to array $row.
  • PageCache: The PageCache filter constructor now accepts an optional Cache configuration parameter: __construct(?Cache $config = null). This allows dependency injection for testing purposes. While this is technically a breaking change if you extend the PageCache class with your own constructor, it should not affect most users as the parameter has a default value.
  • Added the SensitiveParameter attribute to various methods to conceal sensitive information from stack traces. Affected methods are:
    • CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncrypterInterface::encrypt()
    • CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncrypterInterface::decrypt()
    • CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\OpenSSLHandler::encrypt()
    • CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\OpenSSLHandler::decrypt()
    • CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\SodiumHandler::encrypt()
    • CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\SodiumHandler::decrypt()
    • CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest::setAuth()
    • CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI::setUserInfo()
    • CodeIgniter\Security\Security::derandomize()
  • Added native types to CacheInterface methods that were missing them. The following methods were updated:
    • initialize()
    • save()
    • delete()
    • increment()
    • decrement()
    • clean()
    • getCacheInfo()
    • getMetaData()
  • Added native parameter and return types to CodeIgniter\Database\QueryInterface methods:
    • setQuery(string $sql, mixed $binds = null, bool $setEscape = true): self
    • getQuery(): string
    • setDuration(float $start, ?float $end = null): self
    • setError(int $code, string $error): self
    • swapPrefix(string $orig, string $swap): self
  • Added native return types to CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar methods:
    • prepare(): void
    • respond(): void
  • Methods previously having the #[ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute have been updated to include the native return types:
    • CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie::offsetGet($offset): bool|int|string
    • CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity::jsonSerialize(): array
    • CodeIgniter\Files\File::getSize(): false|int
    • CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeLegacy::setTimestamp($timestamp): static
    • CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeTrait::createFromFormat($format, $time, $timezone = null): static
    • CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeTrait::setTimezone($timezone): static
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\PostgreHandler::gc($max_lifetime): false|int
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\ArrayHandler::read($id): string
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\ArrayHandler::gc($max_lifetime): int
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler::read($id): false|string
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler::gc($max_lifetime): false|int
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\FileHandler::read($id): false|string
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\FileHandler::gc($max_lifetime): false|int
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\MemcachedHandler::read($id): false|string
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\MemcachedHandler::gc($max_lifetime): int
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\RedisHandler::read($id): false|string
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\RedisHandler::gc($max_lifetime): int

Property Signature Changes

  • Entity: The protected property CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity::$dataCaster type has been changed from DataCaster to ?DataCaster (nullable).

Removed Deprecated Items

  • BaseModel: The deprecated method transformDataRowToArray() has been removed.
  • Cache: The deprecated return type false for CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface::getMetaData() has been replaced with null type.
  • CodeIgniter: The deprecated CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter::resolvePlatformExtensions() has been removed.
  • Entity: The deprecated CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity::setAttributes() has been removed. Use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity::injectRawData() instead.
  • IncomingRequest: The following deprecated methods have been removed:
    • CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest\detectURI()
    • CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest\detectPath()
    • CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest\parseRequestURI()
    • CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest\parseQueryString()
  • IncomingRequest: The deprecated $config parameter has been removed from CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest::setPath(), and the method visibility has been changed from public to private.
  • Session: The following deprecated properties in CodeIgniter\Session\Session have been removed:
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionDriverName
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionCookieName
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionExpiration
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionSavePath
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionMatchIP
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionTimeToUpdate
    • CodeIgniter\Session\Session::$sessionRegenerateDestroy
  • Session: The deprecated method CodeIgniter\Session\Session::stop() has been removed.
  • Text Helper: The deprecated types basic, md5, and sha1 in the random_string() function have been removed.

Enhancements

Libraries

  • API Transformers: This new feature provides a structured way to transform data for API responses. See API Transformers for details.
  • CLI: Added SignalTrait to provide unified handling of operating system signals in CLI commands.
  • Cache: Added async and persistent config items to Predis handler.
  • Cache: Added persistent config item to Redis handler.
  • Cache: Added support for HTTP status in ResponseCache.
  • Cache: Added Config\Cache::$cacheStatusCodes to control which HTTP status codes are allowed to be cached by the PageCache filter. Defaults to [] (all status codes for backward compatibility). Recommended value: [200] to only cache successful responses. See Setting $cacheStatusCodes for details.
  • Cache: Added APCu caching driver.
  • CURLRequest: Added shareConnection config item to change the default shared connection.
  • CURLRequest: Added dns_cache_timeout option to change the default DNS cache timeout.
  • CURLRequest: Added fresh_connect option to enable/disable a fresh connection for the request.
  • DataConverter: Added EnumCast caster for database and entity.
  • Email: Added support for choosing the SMTP authorization method. You can change it via the Config\Email::$SMTPAuthMethod option.
  • Encryption: Added Config\Encryption::$previousKeys configuration option to support encryption key rotation. When decryption with the current key fails, the system automatically falls back to previous keys, allowing you to rotate encryption keys without losing access to old encrypted data.
  • Image: The ImageMagickHandler has been rewritten to rely solely on the PHP imagick extension.
  • Image: Added ImageMagickHandler::clearMetadata() method to remove image metadata for privacy protection.
  • ResponseTrait: Added paginate() method to simplify paginated API responses. See ResponseTrait::paginate() for details.
  • Session: Added persistent config item to RedisHandler.
  • Session: Added connection persistence for Redis and Memcached session handlers via PersistsConnection trait, improving performance in worker mode by reusing connections across requests.
  • Time: Added methods Time::addCalendarMonths() and Time::subCalendarMonths()
  • Time: Added Time::isPast() and Time::isFuture() convenience methods. See isPast and isFuture for details.
  • Toolbar: Fixed an issue where the Debug Toolbar was incorrectly injected into responses generated by third-party libraries (e.g., Dompdf) that use native PHP headers instead of the framework's Response object.
  • UserAgents: Expanded the list of recognized robots with new search engine and service crawlers.
  • View: Added the ability to override namespaced views (e.g., from modules/packages) by placing a matching file structure within the app/Views/overrides directory. See Overriding Namespaced Views for details.

Commands

  • Added php spark worker:install command to generate FrankenPHP worker mode files (Caddyfile and worker entry point).
  • Added php spark worker:uninstall command to remove worker mode files.

Database

  • BaseConnection: Added ping() method to check if the database connection is still alive. OCI8 uses SELECT 1 FROM DUAL, other drivers use SELECT 1.
  • BaseConnection: The reconnect() method now uses ping() to check if the connection is alive before reconnecting. Previously, some drivers would always close and reconnect unconditionally, and OCI8's reconnect() did nothing.
  • Exception Logging: All DB drivers now log database exceptions uniformly. Previously, each driver had its own log format.

Migrations

  • MigrationRunner: Added distributed locking support to prevent concurrent migrations in multi-process environments. Enable with Config\Migrations::$lock = true.

HTTP

Content Security Policy

  • The script-src and style-src directives can now use SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 digests as their source expressions.

  • Added support for the new CSP Level 3 keywords:

    • 'strict-dynamic'
    • 'unsafe-hashes'
    • 'report-sample'
    • 'unsafe-allow-redirects'
    • 'wasm-unsafe-eval'
    • 'trusted-types-eval'
    • 'report-sha256'
    • 'report-sha384'
    • 'report-sha512'

  • Added support for the following CSP Level 3 directives:

    • report-to
    • script-src-elem
    • script-src-attr
    • style-src-elem
    • style-src-attr
    • worker-src

    Update your CSP configuration in app/Config/ContentSecurityPolicy.php to include these new directives.

Others

  • Controller Attributes: Added support for PHP Attributes to define filters and other metadata on controller classes and methods. See Controller Attributes for details.

Message Changes

  • Added Email.invalidSMTPAuthMethod, Email.failureSMTPAuthMethod, CLI.signals.noPcntlExtension, CLI.signals.noPosixExtension and CLI.signals.failedSignal.
  • Deprecated Email.failedSMTPLogin and Image.libPathInvalid.
  • Changed Session.missingDatabaseTable.

Changes

  • Boot: Added Boot::bootWorker() method for one-time worker initialization.
  • CodeIgniter: Added CodeIgniter::resetForWorkerMode() method to reset request-specific state between worker requests.
  • Config: Added app/Config/WorkerMode.php for worker mode configuration (persistent services, garbage collection).
  • Cookie: The CookieInterface::EXPIRES_FORMAT has been changed to D, d M Y H:i:s T to follow the recommended format in RFC 7231.
  • DatabaseConfig: Added Config::reconnectForWorkerMode() and Config::cleanupForWorkerMode() methods for database connection management in worker mode.
  • Events: Added Events::cleanupForWorkerMode() method.
  • Format: Added support for configuring json_encode() maximum depth via Config\Format::$jsonEncodeDepth.
  • Paths: Added support for changing the location of the .env file via the Paths::$envDirectory property.
  • Services: Added Services::resetForWorkerMode() and Services::reconnectCacheForWorkerMode() methods.
  • Toolbar: Added $disableOnHeaders property to app/Config/Toolbar.php.
  • Toolbar: Added Toolbar::reset() method to reset debug toolbar collectors.

Deprecations

  • ContentSecurityPolicy:
    • The CodeIgniter\HTTP\ContentSecurityPolicy::$nonces property has been deprecated. It was never used.
  • Encryption:
    • The method CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\SodiumHandler::parseParams() has been deprecated. Parameters are now handled directly in the encrypt() and decrypt() methods.
  • Image:
    • The config property Config\Image::libraryPath has been deprecated. No longer used.
    • The exception method CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions\ImageException::forInvalidImageLibraryPath has been deprecated. No longer used.

Bugs Fixed

  • Cookie: The CookieInterface::SAMESITE_STRICT, CookieInterface::SAMESITE_LAX, and CookieInterface::SAMESITE_NONE constants are now written in ucfirst style to be consistent with usage in the rest of the framework.
  • Cache: Changed WincacheHandler::increment() and WincacheHandler::decrement() to return bool instead of mixed.
  • Entity: Calling CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity::toArray() always changed the value of $_cast to true, instead of restoring the initial value.
  • Toolbar: Fixed Maximum call stack size exceeded crash when AJAX-like requests (HTMX, Turbo, Unpoly, etc.) were made on pages with Debug Toolbar enabled.

See the repo's CHANGELOG.md for a complete list of bugs fixed.